I watched many YouTube videos about the insides of a microwave. I found several that explain the different parts and how to test if they are in working order. This one in particular even explained the different components soldered onto the control board.
Following this advice I narrowed it down to a low voltage transformer that was soldered onto the board. If I tapped the transformer after hitting start the microwave would work for a few uses before stopping again.
I attempted to find the transformer, which is listed for about $5 each, but all stores were out of stock. Instead I ordered the entire control board and replaced it. This was a straight forward process that involved removing the cover with a phillips head and a tamper proof head torx screwdriver. I then disconnected all wires from the board. Be sure to depress the securing tabs that hold the wires in place (even on the small metal connectors) After that, it only took two screws to change out the board followed by re-assembly.